Cervical Cancer

What is the Cervix?

The cervix is located in the lower part of a women’s uterus. The cervix is typically about two inches long, it is shaped like a tube, and connects the uterus to the vagina. The cervix has two separate parts, each with its own type of cells. The endocervix is the opening of the cervix and it leads into the uterus. The walls of this part of the cervix are covered with glandular cells. These cells are involved in a woman’s menstrual cycle and they produce cervical mucus. The ectocervix is the outer part of the cervix and it is covered in non-keratinized squamous cells, which form the surface of hollow organs of the body such as the inside of your mouth or nose. All women can be at risk for cervical disease and cervical cancer, but through regular screening with a healthcare provider, cervical disease and cancer are preventable.

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Educational Materials: Cervical Diseases

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What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that is located in the cervix. The transformation zone between the endocervix and the ectocervix changes as you get older and if you give birth. The transformation zone is where the two types of cells, glandular and squamous cells, meet. Most cervical cancers start in this area. The most common types of cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and Adenocarcinoma (ADC). Less common, but also possible, is a combination of SCC and ADC. SCC typically begins in the transformation zone and develops from cells in the exocervix. ADC typically develops in the endocervix from glandular cells.

Cervical Cancer and HPV

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, in particular, specific types of HPV such as HPV16 and HPV18. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). A vaccine that prevents HPV types is available and is recommended for both girls and boys during routine vaccination starting at age 11 or 12 years old**. The HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases.

*Mayo Clinic Laboratories
** CDC HPV Vaccine Recommendations

Under the Microscope

This is a pathology image of a cervical cancer Pap test. The long slender snake-like cells have abnormal DNA and are interspersed amongst tissue necrosis (dead tissue). These cellular elements are indicative of cervical cancer, also known as squamous cell carcinoma.

DANIELLE'S STORY

At age 24, Danielle received a call from her gynecologist stating that she had an irregular Pap test result. She still remembers this call so clearly and gets chills down her spine. She went in for a repeat Pap test and when that came back irregular as well, a biopsy was ordered. The lab had found she had high-risk HPV and pre-cancerous cells in her cervix. When I found out, I felt terrified and very lonely, says Danielle, I only heard the word “cancer” not the “pre”in front of it. Danielle underwent two cryosurgeries, a procedure in which freezing gas is used to remove pre-cancerous cells on the cervix. However, her lab tests showed that the pre-cancer was still there. She then underwent a Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) which removes abnormal tissue from the cervix and vagina to both diagnose and treat cervical disease with the help of a wire loop heated by electric current. After two years, three procedures, and many lab tests she finally received the Pap results she had been hoping for: all normal. “Without laboratory testing I would not have known that I had pre-cancerous cells in my cervix. I'm afraid to think of what my life would be like without laboratory testing, because it's highly likely that I wouldn't even be here to ponder the question.”

Danielle Was Diagnosed With HPV and Shares Her Story in Preventing Cervical Cancer